South Africa As A Language Of Instruction - 941 Words

Due to apartheid era, South Africa as a country had suffered from different forms of displacement. This fact is no news as many sectors suffer from the isolation that generated from this displacement. Universities in South Africa have immensely been affected. Historically, the problem of ethnicity and race affected every area of their education. Debate on what language to use as a language of instruction became irresolvable. Most of the support was in favor of the mother tongue as language of instruction while little support was giving to Afrikaans and English languages. This disapproval created setback for the Afrikaans and English speaking universities in the social and cultural space. Also, the segregation of the black (majority) and white (minority) was said to be resolved but it is still creating separation in South African universities. Consequently, South Africa’s response to GATS has been negative. South Africa’s minister of education, Kadel Asmal, states that â€Å"We must avoid at all costs a GAT in education that puts our education, our future in peril...Trade considerations cannot be allowed to erode the public good agenda for higher education†. Form this statement, the minister of education focuses more on what the foreign partnered countries will benefit and less on the benefits GATs can add to not only the institution but the country at large. As the demand of higher education increases at every measure, the ability of the public university to meet the demand ofShow MoreRelatedImportance of Oral Tradition963 Words   |  4 Pageswritten instruction. The messages or testimony are verbally transmitted in speech or song and may take the form, for example, of folktales, sayings, ballads, songs, or chants. In this way, it is possible for a society to transmit oral history, oral literature, oral law and other knowledges across generations without a writing system. The term â€Å"Bantu† is used as a general label for over 300 ethnic groups in Africa. They make up a major part of the population of nearly all African countries south of theRead MoreApartheid : A System Of Racial Segregation1176 Words   |  5 Pagesapartheid – It comes from the Dutch language, with the heid part meaning hood, for apart-hood. The word is pronounced apart-hate. Apartheid - Dictionary Definition. Vocabulary.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Apr. 2016 Apartheid was a system of racial segregation and a racist political policy in South Africa demanding division of the country’s white and non-white populations for nearly 50 years. In 1652, a group of people from the Netherlands settled in South Africa. The Netherlands are also known asRead MoreHow the Apartheid Came to Be in South Africa1184 Words   |  5 PagesIn 1948, apartheid was introduced to South Africa. Apartheid means apartness and is the political policy of racial segregation. Each racial group was segregated from other races within South Africa. These groups consisted of whites, blacks and coloreds (Asians and Indians). The minority white population had the rule over the whole country. Apartheid did not only detach whites from non-whites, but it also set apart the Blacks from the Coloreds. When apartheid ended in 1994 a legacy was leftRead MoreAfrikaner Nationalism1744 Words   |  7 Pageslabelled as undeveloped indigenous races all which were non-white ( Wilson and Thompson, 365). With this fear rose nationalism. Afrikaner nationalism is a political ideology that was born in the late 19th century around the idea that Afrikaners in South Africa were a chosen people. It was also influenced by anti-British sentiments that grew among Afrikaners especially because of the Boer Wars which did more to unite Afrikanerdom and infuse it with purpose and determination (Wilson and Thompson, 367)Read MoreThe Soweto Uprising of 1976 an education Related Outcry by Students1237 Words   |  5 PagesA system of legal separation amongst races dominated the Republic of South Africa, namely apartheid between 1948 until 1993. Apartheid led to the separation and discrimination between whites against people of colour. Not only was this racism commonly accepted between whites against blacks, but it was also legally enforced as white’s maintained priority in terms of housing, education, political power and jobs. I will be examining a particular even t, The Soweto Uprising of 1976 which was an educationRead MoreArticle Critique : Promoting Mother Infant Book Sharing And Infant Attention And Language Development Essay889 Words   |  4 Pagesand Language Development in an Impoverished South African Population: A Pilot Study. Early Childhood Education Journal, 42(2), 143-152. doi:10.1007/s10643-013-0591-8 PURPOSE: This pilot study was completed to see if a successful study in the developed world would extend to an impoverished community in South Africa. The present successful study that was completed in the developed world was about parents sharing of picture books with infants and young children is beneficial for child language andRead MoreEnglish Language Is Globally Important982 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish Language is Globally Important ï  ® English is the major language in such fields as international diplomacy, business and commerce, science and technology, and the travel industry. How did English become such an important global language? ï  ® British Colonialism ï‚ ¨ Took English to North America, the Caribbean, Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and the Indian sub-continent U.S. rise as a strong economic and strategic power ï  ® Pop Culture ï  ® English became the language of diplomacyRead MoreOutline Of A Book Disney Planes The Inscription Of Signs And Symbols1655 Words   |  7 PagesTask 1 1. Look up the meanings to these words, in your dictionary, and write the meanings below. Text Writing, communication that represents language through the inscription of signs and symbols Features Essay, film, telecommunications Call attention to, signify Purpose Aim, usefulness, will Aim at, undertake Audience Captive audience, claque, full house, theatre, turnout Communication Dissemination, joining, message, revealing Context Surroundings Article Condition, deed, essay, goods, particularsRead MoreSelecting The Type Of Learner Using English1187 Words   |  5 Pageshave always thought of it as ELL – English Language Learner, specifically considering my personal experiences at school, which definitely creates a much more complex reading program to consider. The variables in reading is complex for the young English learners. There is much to consider such as the age, class size, curriculum and materials, delivery of instruction, trained teachers, amount of time to commit to English learning, learners first language knowledge, and the cost. When consideringRead MoreObserve and Interview1458 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment 02: Exploring language diversity where you live Compiled by Hannelie Millar – student 49498843 Instructions: Task 1: Observe your community †¢ Go out into the community where you live for one or two afternoons or evenings. For an example, we put a photo from the Bree taxi rank in Johannesburg. †¢ Observe what you see around you. o Who is talking with whom? o What language are they using? o Why do they use one language or another? †¢ Why do you think people are acting the way they do? Try

Wound Healing and Nutrition - 2060 Words

Wound Healing and Nutrition Introduction When it comes to wound healing, there are various factors that play strong roles in how successful (and how rapid) that healing is for any particular patient. One of the significant factors being addressed by many medical professionals is nutrition. In other words, the opinion is that the proper nutrition, when offered to a patient, can help that person heal his or her wounds more quickly than would have occurred if nutrition had not been a factor. While this may not work with all patients, evidence indicates that many patients do benefit from better nutrition while they have wounds that are healing. Addressed here are four different studies that indicate the value of nutrition where wound healing is concerned. The articles will be condensed, and then the credibility and clinical significance of the studies will be addressed. Additionally, the applicability of the studies will be discussed, and three research questions and learning objectives will be created from the inf ormation collected from the studies. This will allow for proper consideration of nutrition when it comes to wound healing in various types of patients and medical examples. Article Synopses In the study by Arnold and Barbul (2006), research suggested that there was more to nutrition and wound healing than just adequate intake of fats, carbohydrates, and protein. Laboratory work shows that various other types of nutritional interventions can have major impactsShow MoreRelatedDescription Of Nutri î€Æ' On And Chronic Wounds 724 Words   |  3 PagesChronic Wounds Molnar, J.A., Underdown M.J., Clark, W.A. (2014). Nutriî€Æ'on and Chronic Wounds. Advances in Wound Care, 3(11), 663-68 Arî€Æ'cle Title: Nutriî€Æ'on and Chronic Wounds Molnar, J.A., Underdown M.J., Clark, W.A. (2014). Nutriî€Æ'on and Chronic Wounds. Advances in Wound Care, 3(11), 663-68 Arî€Æ'cle Title: Nutriî€Æ'on and Chronic Wounds Molnar, J.A., Underdown M.J., Clark, W.A. (2014). Nutriî€Æ'on and Chronic Wounds. Advances in Wound Care, 3(11), 663-68 Arî€Æ'cle Title: Nutriî€Æ'on and Chronic Wounds MolnarRead MoreThe Process and Factors of Wound Healing947 Words   |  4 Pages201one). Wound healing is a dynamic, interactive method involving soluble mediators, blood cells, extracellular matrix, and parenchymal cells. Wound healing has three phases: the inflammatory section, the proliferative part, and the maturational or transforming phase. These phases could overlap in time (Porth, 2011). Inflammatory Phase The inflammatory part starts at the time of injury with the formation of a blood clot and therefore the migration of phagocytic white blood cells into the wound webRead MoreEssay on Risk of Impaired Wound Healing1189 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction. This report will discuss the risk of impaired wound healing, amongst patients in the community. Patients may be at risk due to increased age, malnutrition and underlying medical conditions (Timmons, 2003, White, 2008). However, this report concerns with patients’ knowledge deficit about the importance of nutrition, which may be the risk factor (Casey, 1998, Dealey, 2005, Timmons, 2003). In this respect, a management package in the form of a leaflet aimed at these patients has beenRead MoreNursing Intervention: Pressure Sore and Nutrition950 Words   |  4 Pagesto assist in the healing of pressure ulcers. Apart from providing appropriate wound dressing, various nursing interventions are needed such as relieving pressure by providing special pads or air mattresses and turning or repositioning the patient at least every two hours. Arranging pillows under the ankles, back, head and arms, regular cleansing and drying of the skin, and providing good nutrition to support the healin g process are also important (Cohen, 2009). Optimal nutrition helps pressure ulcerRead MoreHuman Wound Healing1131 Words   |  5 PagesChristopher, Conway, Ridling Simpson; 2011). Wound healing is a very complex process. Wound healing has three phases: the inflammatory phase, the proliferative phase, and the maturational or remodeling phase. These phases might overlap at times (Porth, 2011). Inflammatory Phase The inflammatory phase starts at the time of injury with the formation of a blood clot and the migration of phagocytic white blood cells into the wound site. The first cells to arrive, the neutrophils, ingestRead MoreFever Manifestation853 Words   |  4 Pagesof inflammation are dolor (pain), calor (heat), rubor (redness), tumor (swelling) (Britannica.com, 2017 ). She is complaining of increased pain to the area, manifested with r ound, yellow-red open wound to area above medial malleolus with moderate amount of thick yellow drainage , wound culture positive for Staphylococcus aureus WBC 18.3 increased, 12% bands – in an acute infection, the bone marrow releases stored neutrophils to fight off infection. When neutrophils are consumed andRead MoreThe Importance Of Nutrition On Health, Health And Well Being Of Our Population Essay1093 Words   |  5 PagesImportance of Nutrition in Health Madison Aynes University of Arkansas Fort Smith NUTR 25230E1  According to the World Health Organization nutrition is defined as â€Å"the intake of food, considered in relation to the body’s dietary needs.† This topic is often overlooked by many Americans and its relationship with a healthy life is often never understood. From before life begins in the embryonic stages to the final stages of life nutrition plays a vital role in the life a person. Poor nutrition can beRead MoreNutrition And The Body s Dietary Needs Essay1075 Words   |  5 Pages According to the World Health Organization nutrition is defined as â€Å"the intake of food, considered in relation to the body’s dietary needs.† This topic is often overlooked by many Americans and its relationship with a healthy life is often never understood. From before life begins in the embryonic stages to the final stages of life nutrition plays a vital role in the life a person. Poor nutrition can be caused by over indulgence or deprivation of essential nutrients an d can lead to a decreased immuneRead MoreEthics And Standards Of Practice1746 Words   |  7 PagesStating that wherever care is delivered appropriate supplies of; hand decontamination, sharps containers, and personal protective equipment must be available. 5. Medications can affect wound healing; steroids, chemotherapeutic and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can interfere with different parts of the wound healing process (Swezey, 2014). Therefore, a review of current medications should be undertaken. Pernicious anaemia is an autoimmune disease (Pernicious anaemia society, 2016). It affectsRead MoreThe Implementation Of Pressure Ulcer Incidents1137 Words   |  5 Pagesconsists of an emphasis on providing knowledge and education to the multidisciplinary team. This stage will take place during the first month with weekly meetings. It will include CCU nursing staff, nurse manager, nutritionist, physical therapist, wound care nurse, intensivist, QI (Quality Improvement) and PM (Performance Management) committee. A meeting must be held among these clinicians directly caring for patients with pressure ulcer. QI and PM committee will generate data of pressure ulcer incidents

The Importance of Investigative Journalism Essay - 769 Words

Though connected through the general base of being a part of the media, investigative journalism is far from the daily reporting and paparazzi reports we are used to. Investigative journalists look to bring attention to violated laws, regulations or wrongdoings that they feel very strongly about. The topic of their research is completely up to their own personal interest and choosing. Their research often takes a long time to collect, and must be very thorough and involve many different sources while providing the public with important information that may have been slightly covered up or less attainable to the news reel of the average Joe. This type of research often looks at what is not working in society and predicts trends and changes,†¦show more content†¦One of the references he makes compared New Orleans, to the Dutch: â€Å"Nevertheless, if we compare the failures in New Orleans with the successes in the Netherlands, one lesson stands out: social context matters mor e than technological prowess. The Dutch have been relatively good at preparing for climate change largely because of their long history of consensus-based water management and their shared belief in social planning. By contrast, Louisiana’s efforts have been crippled by the state’s history of poor government, its dysfunctional relationship with the Army Corps of Engineers, the power of its oil and gas interests, its continuing reluctance—even after Katrina—to acknowledge the reality of global warming for fear that might harm oil and gas production† (Hertsgaard, 132). The failure of the US to recognize what a critical opportunity we have missed and the steps we need to take to adapt and reduce the consequences of our actions is one of Hertsgaard’s most prominent points, and is a large part of his unveiling of how the global warming situation was handled. The undoubted authority and urgency in Hertsgaard’s tone along with his undispute d evidence and research is what leaves readers flipping through his works, eager to listen to what he has to say and to consider the solutions he offers. Alongside Hertsgaard, there are many other investigative journalists, such as Greg Palast. Palast’s work primarily focuses on corporate fraud, one of his moreShow MoreRelatedEffects of Technological Advances806 Words   |  4 PagesFrom the time printed publications were the dominant medium to the modern era where the internet has emerged as the dominant medium the field of journalism has experienced colossal growth, development, and evolvement. The changes caused by the gradual introduction of new and more efficient mediums consistently affected journalism and the way journalists delivered content to the public. Prior to the concept of broadcasting, newspapers were the primary means of communication in society. InitiallyRead MoreThe Role Of Journalism And Its Impact On Journalism2056 Words   |  9 PagesHistorically, professional journalism has been built around two fundamentals: visual and textual. While numbers have played a role in journalism as well, journalists have constantly downplayed their importance in making up the professional skillset, which leads to a difficulty in presenting numerical data responsibly and accurately (Maier 2002). A noteworthy is the subfield of computer-assisted reporting, which focuses on examining quantitative data through a journalistic lens. Over the past severalRead MoreA Field Of Forces Within The Field817 Words   |  4 Pagesby itself, i.e., outside the relations of interdependence which link it to other products† (Bourdieu, 1993: p. 32). These goods are also produced under specific conditions, not in a vacuum. This assumption is valid to art, literature, but also to journalism as a massive cultural production, like Bourdieu and other authors had demonstrated (Benson Neveu, 2005; Benson, 2006; Bourdieu, 1994; English, 2015; Marlià ¨re, 1998; Murrell, 2015; Schultz, 2007). Thus, cultural products are entangled in a netRead MoreThe Importance Of Journalism And Photography955 Words   |  4 Pagescitizens are aware of them. This is where journalism and photography come to play. Journalism and photography allow for current events in other parts of the world to be shown to the public for awareness. Some of these events such as the time during the Arab Spring, where revolutions and protests broke out across the Middle East and North Africa, allowed for citizens to get an idea of what is going on in that particular part of the country. A world without journalism cause much of the people to be in theRead MoreThe Public Sphere : An Encyclopedia Article Essay1683 Words   |  7 Pagesmembers of the plebeian classes† (Fra ser 10) from participation. In this paper I will support Fraser’s critiques of Habermas’s utopian vision of the public sphere to argue that the participatory culture Web 2.0 introduced has transformed the notion of journalism while reflecting real-world inequalities and eliminating democracy in the process. The paper will be concluded with recommendations to creating an enabling environment for the media to make a positive contribution to democratic development. HabermasRead MoreThe Documentary About Nevsun, A Canadian Mining Company For Granting Forced Labor And Abuse Of Human Rights913 Words   |  4 Pagesadequate evidence to support allegation on funding terrorism in the region. Though Nevsun does not directly engage in the destabilization security in the area, its continued operation in the country contributes money used to fund the rebels. The importance of the Filth Estate program extends beyond portraying the violation of human rights and forced labor in Eritrea. Keen observation on several mines operated by Canadian, Chinese, and Australia firms of late have comes under the allegation of collaboratingRead MoreThe Changing Role of the Us News Media Essay934 Words   |  4 PagesMedia The internet is our modern source for news media; the importance of the newspaper has not only declined, it is in a sense, obsolete. We now turn to the internet for opinions, news, and entertainment. Even though the way in which we consume information (PBS) has changed, the importance of an unrestricted and watchful media has not changed. (Magleby, Light, Nemacheck, 2010) The Framers of our constitution were well aware of the importance of the press as a judge to discuss the implications andRead MoreAl Jazeera and CNN1741 Words   |  7 Pagesor informative programing, was extremely different than visiting the Al Jazeera website. The CNN website is cluttered and over stimulating with clusters of videos on a vast array of topics with no clear focus. Many videos were examples of yellow journalism such as the top two trending videos that consisted of a â€Å"Model’s Shocking Transformation† and a program on photo editing asking â€Å"Has this Photo Editing Gone too Far?† Both of these videos had their pictures presenting images of slim, Caucasian,Read MoreWatergate : A Decade Of Corruption, Lies, And Shadiness1224 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to The Watergate Crisis, The effect of Watergate on the media was astonishing. A new breed of investigative journalists took center stage, and the nature and style of reporting about preside nts changed dramatically. (Genovese). Watergate was a key factor in reinforcing the importance of investigative reporting. Thousands of young American men and women were inspired to become investigative journalists (Feldstein). Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein were two of the most famous reporters duringRead MoreMedia And Politics : A Brief Note On Media Politics2454 Words   |  10 Pagesdecision opened up the press as a space for serious political discussions and criticism of government in a way that would construct the future political movements of America, including its independence from Great Britain. These events cemented the importance of free press, which would become the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. An important Supreme Court case concerning the media was New York Times Company v. United States in 1971. This case dealt with the constitutionality of publishing

Andover and Charleston Essay Example For Students

Andover and Charleston Essay Abigail swiftly becomes the centre of attention, where she is most happy, as we substantiate that a great deal more had occurred in the woods that night. They had been dancing around a kettle which contained; as Abigail attempts to justify a very little frog. Then the scene reaches a sudden climax as Hale shakes Abigail repeatedly, confronting her, shocking the audience and abrupting the atmosphere with the news, it may be your cousin is dying. The audience are immediately gripped and, enraptured by the melodramatic tension, continue to be riveted, as Hale asks Abigail then vital question, did you call the Devil last night? The continuation of such a novel inquisition leads to Abigails implication of Tituba. She does this as soon as the pressure becomes too much for her to cope with and she brings someone else into the hazy spectacle to relieve herself. It is now too late for Abigail to recuperate her actions and Tituba is retrieved from downstairs to be instantly questioned by Hale. Mrs. Putnam enters with Tituba and straight away Abigail points at her. This makes Tituba feel uneasy. This signifies Abigails arrogant nature and she makes Tituba feel patronized and terrified. Abigail screams, she made me do it, she made Betty do it! Due to the seriousness of this inquisition, Miller makes the atmosphere strained and the conversation is short and disdainful. The impact of this revelation is tremendous; the fact that they were not just dancing it was far more serious than that. Tituba feels forced into explaining she gave Abigail chicken blood to drink. She realises the only way to get out of this awful corruption is to lie and she makes herself take the blame. Hale is short tempered and offensive towards Tituba, woman, have you enlisted these children for the Devil? Tituba is direct and explains she never trucked with a Devil. She is lost for words and clarifies she loves Betty. The atmosphere becomes very tense due to the topic of conversation: drinking blood and trafficking with the Devil. There are no stage directions because the actions are being created by the words. Hale makes false accusations towards Tituba before he lets her answer for herself. Hale is arrogant towards Tituba due to the fact she is a black slave with no rights and no status. He declares that Tituba has sent her spirit out upon Betty and accuses her of gathering souls for the Devil. Using the idea Hale has insinuated Abigail uses it, much to her advantage and remarks that Tituba sent her spirit out to her in church. Parris supports Abigails false accusation and recalls; he remembers Abigail laughing in church. That was actually due to the fact she was making contact with John Proctor during Church. Tituba is in a very uncomfortably agonizing situation with not a leg to stand on, with three people resisting her explanations. Titubas speeches are long, drawn out due to the fact she is thinking on her feet and everything that comes to mind is spoken aloud. Abigail blames Tituba for her own corruptions and actions that have taken place because she is taking advantage of the fact that Tituba is a black, Negro slave with no rights and no status. Tituba turns aggressive and she asks why Abigail is using all these fabrications. Abigail gets carried away and her speeches become destructive e. g. sometimes I wake up and find myself standing in the open doorway in the nude. Nudity was seen as very rude and explicit and therefore this statement would have seemed very serious. Abigail explains she can hear Tituba laughing in her sleep and singing her Barbados songs and tempting with her. Lost for words, Tituba is in despair. A false misconception from Hale accuses Tituba of having power over Betty and orders to wake her. Hale is short tempered and threatening, the atmosphere clearly shows Abigail is such a persuasive and believably forceful character. Realising telling the truth is getting her nowhere; Tituba is forced into lying and explains of her inner desire to work for the Devil. Tension increases considering the fact the audience knows that Tituba does not work for the Devil. However, she was in the woods after all- although it doesnt seem such a big thing now. The audience knows Abigail is the guilty person in this dreadful act of trepidation. Hale hears what he wanted to hear; that Tituba works for the Devil and that she has power over Betty. Hale offers to help Tituba and is softer in his words and actions, he declares, we are going to help you tear yourself free. The word tear sounds tedious and painful sounding. Stage directions are present to create a different atmosphere. "Araby" by Joyce EssayThis sudden outburst reveals a lot about her character. This is virtually the only view throughout the whole play we have of her and it isnt a very understanding one. Her infliction of painful words and thoughts towards innocent people is misleading. The fact that she is doing this to gain a little self worth for herself. We do not know how Parris treats his slave pre- witchcraft accusations. This may have been a strike of revenge after how Parris treats Tituba. We do not know, and the audience does not know. At the end of Titubas sudden outburst, she is aware of the fact that they need a name and presents the name of Goody Good. The characters are overwhelmed by the fact more and more womens names are being accused and Parris is amazed by the fact Sarah Good is accused. The atmosphere becomes electric with suspense. Tituba then names Goody Osburn, the ageing mid wife. Abigail seizes the opportunity to endorse all that Tituba has said and exclaims, I saw Goody Osburn with the Devil! the situation rapidly becomes infectious as Betty joins in the naming of innocent women. This is the first time Betty has spoken since she and the other girls from the village were caught dancing in the woods with Tituba. As Betty speaks the audience are silent with amazement and the characters believe Tituba is honoured to have woken this child. The characters are bewildered by the behaviour of the girls as they continue to name innocent souls. As the end of the act draws to an end and as the curtain falls, the scene draws to a climax as Hale sends for the Marshall and calls to him to bring handcuffs to make arrests. The audience is left in anxious doubt. The significance of the end of this scene and the inquisitions later on in court are relatively alike; the fact that the demoniac ways the girls asserted themselves aggressively, resulting in virtuous lives being lost. Abigails final accusations are dramatically ironic compared to the fact that when Abigail and John Proctor had a privately intimate talk, she told him they were just children being children and that it was so called pretence. The audience will have latched onto these facts and Miller has dramatically portrayed Abigail as a devious, hypocritical, two-faced, deceitful, lying young woman. Therefore, I can conclude; in relation to the question, consider the importance of this scene to the rest of the play and analyse how Miller makes it dramatic. That this scene contains vast amounts of valuable information that is later relied on in court and also the fact Hales ideas of the devils childrens characteristics are later used as a parable in Abigail and her little followers work. Miller uses many different devices to make this scene ultimately dramatic which have analysed each one carefully and displayed my information within this essay. The witchcraft trials in Salem were remarkable, mainly for the numbers involved. Before the witchcraft hysteria was over the girls had pointed the finger at hundreds of supposed witches, not only in Salem but also in places far apart such as Andover and Charleston. They even accused people they did not know e. g. Abigail accused Hales wife whom she had never met. By October 1692 doubts had set in about the girls testimony. In December 1692 Governor Phillips appointed a new session of the Superior Court of Judicature to clear the jails, and issued a general pardon to all persons still under suspicion. By this time, however, nineteen people had been hanged, one pressed to death under a pile of rocks (Giles Corey) for refusing to speak at his own trial, and at least two more people had died in prison, bringing the number of deaths to twenty-two.